Monitoring progress and trends of NCDs and their risk is important for guiding policy and priorities. Low-cost solutions exist for governments and other stakeholders to reduce the common modifiable risk factors. Prevention and controlĪn important way to control NCDs is to focus on reducing the risk factors associated with these diseases. The exorbitant costs of NCDs, including treatment, which is often lengthy and expensive, combined with loss of income, force millions of people into poverty annually and stifle development. In low-resource settings, health-care costs for NCDs quickly drain household resources. Vulnerable and socially disadvantaged people get sicker and die sooner than people of higher social positions, especially because they are at greater risk of being exposed to harmful products, such as tobacco, or unhealthy dietary practices, and have limited access to health services. The rapid rise in NCDs is predicted to impede poverty reduction initiatives in low-income countries, particularly by increasing household costs associated with health care. NCDs threaten progress towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes a target of reducing the probability of death from any of the four main NCDs between ages 30 and 70 years by one third by 2030. In terms of attributable deaths, the leading metabolic risk factor globally is elevated blood pressure (to which 19% of global deaths are attributed) (1), followed by raised blood glucose and overweight and obesity. hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood).hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) and.Metabolic risk factors contribute to four key metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs: 830 000 deaths annually can be attributed to insufficient physical activity (1).More than half of the 3 million annual deaths attributable to alcohol use are from NCDs, including cancer.1.8 million annual deaths have been attributed to excess salt/sodium intake (1).Tobacco accounts for over 8 million deaths every year (including from the effects of exposure to second-hand smoke) (1). Modifiable behaviours, such as tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and the harmful use of alcohol, all increase the risk of NCDs. Risk factors Modifiable behavioural risk factors These are called metabolic risk factors and can lead to cardiovascular disease, the leading NCD in terms of premature deaths. Unhealthy diets and a lack of physical activity may show up in people as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity. These diseases are driven by forces that include rapid unplanned urbanization, globalization of unhealthy lifestyles and population ageing. Children, adults and the elderly are all vulnerable to the risk factors contributing to NCDs, whether from unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, exposure to tobacco smoke or the harmful use of alcohol. Of these premature deaths, 86% are estimated to occur in low- and middle-income countries. These conditions are often associated with older age groups, but evidence shows that 17 million NCD deaths occur before the age of 70 years. People of all age groups, regions and countries are affected by NCDs. NCDs disproportionately affect people in low- and middle-income countries, where more than three quarters of global NCD deaths (31.4 million) occur. The main types of NCD are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors.
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